Federal Reserve System The Multiplier Effect

The Federal Reserve use open market operations to control short-term interest rates, which is the principal tool of monetary policy. The Federal Open Market Committee on a regular basis announces the federal funds rate targets, and they reflect rates for interbank lending (FOMC, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Reserve System: The Multiplier Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is responsible for maintaining interest rates at appropriate levels and suitable supply of money to ensure stable economic growth. It was agreed by the Federal Reserve committee, as confirmed on press release dated December 16 2009, to acquire mortgage security worth $1.25 and debt of $175 billion. FOMC through a press statement agreed to steadily reduce Fed security purchasing rate to facilitate smooth changeover. The Fund rate of 0 to  ¼ % was to be maintained. The reason for this policy was because the economic rec overy was continuing, though at a rate that was insufficient to bring about a significant improvement in the labor market conditions. Household spending increased but remained subdued by escalating unemployment rates, slow growth in earnings, expensive housing, and costly credit. While spending on business inventory was increasing, fixed asset investment was at minimal rates. Employers were unwilling to increase employees’ salaries. The housing sector was faced by Depression. This proofed that the depression was fading away but its effects would be witnessed for a period of time. High reserve requirements lead to tight supply of money causing low multiplier effect. On the other hand, lower reserve requirement leads to more money in the economy thus more multiplier effect. To ensure increase of money supply in the economy, FOMC decided minimized purchase of its securities. The lower fund rate would cause a significant decrease in unemployment (or increase in inflation at a mil d level), and a higher multiplier effect. The consequences of this policy are that it would lead to more money supply in the economy which will enable attainment of financial stability and economic growth at the desired level. This is because, the businesses would be a position to lend from banks at a lower rate and invest in fixed investments. This results to more business’ expansion leading to more productivity, increased salaries on employees and more job market. Consequently, house acquisition and spending by households would increase due to stronger labor market, higher income growth, and higher housing wealth and ease availability of credit. This would ultimately cause higher multiplier effect, business’ growth and hence more revenues to the government. More so, the committee support on mortgage lending would largely improve housing sector, thus advancing the living standards of people.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Allan, (2009) argued that if the Fed were afraid of inflation, would not increase the monetary base. This would result to turn down in the effective money multiplier. This would consequently lead to a high decline in the money supply. A large deflation would result creating a situation of serious depression. Thus, the decrease in the money multiplier was hence likely to be even higher. Everyday, the Federal Reserve engages in Open market operations. Its application meant that there would be controlled rate of interest and money in circulation, hence facilitating higher multiplier effect. When they required increasing supply of money, they buy more securities from banks and increased funds rate. When they required reducing the money supply, it sells securities to the banks and increased the fund rate. This ensures inflation rate is controlled at a suitable level for a health economy. Reference Allan H. M, (2009). A Hist ory of the Federal Reserve. â€Å"Board of the Governors of the Federal Reserve System†, (2009). Press Release—FOMC statement—December 16, 2009.. This essay on Federal Reserve System: The Multiplier Effect was written and submitted by user Haylie Olson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about This I Believe

Essay about This I Believe Essay about This I Believe The Secret Of My Reflection Throughout my childhood I was very insecure about my appearance.Only recently have I been able to look at myself in a positive way. In the middle of my sophomore year my family went on the paleo diet. Also known as the â€Å"caveman† diet. You aren't supposed to eat any processed foods or meat , including sugar and flour. This was a real struggle for me. When I was young eating was my favorite activity. I wasn’t the skinniest child, I snacked whenever I had an urge to eat, which was mostly all the time. It was very unhealthy , as I grew older I learned more about the way foods are processed and ways to eat healthier. It wasn't until I started this diet that I realized how much eating healthy impacted my body. During this diet I would question myself. To eat the cookie or not? To taste the sweetness of processed sugar for the first time in 5 months? In the back of my head was a voice telling me that if I cheated and ate something I shouldn’t no one would know e xcept me. It was these thoughts that made this diet such a challenge. Food was always the way to go for me. When I was upset I ate, when I was angry I ate, even when I was happy I ate. My dad definitely helped me see the importance of not over eating. He believed that if I worked towards a goal I could reach it. It wasn’t all about losing weight. The diets my family do are meant to bring us together. To make us stronger. I might have focused more on my weight then the real purpose of the diet

Moneyball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moneyball - Essay Example After three outs, the other team gets a chance to bat and the game goes on. At the end, the team grabbing the maximum number of runs wins. This is what the game is all about. A person can be known as a clean hitter and would have a clean chit for over 22 straight games. These are excellent statistics on the paper. But as soon as you step into the field, with over ten thousand pair of eyes gazing you with enthusiasm and envy, your hands will start sweating. Your heart beats increase and your mind races faster than a maglev train. You start thinking about the psychology of the pitcher, the manner he curves the ball in the air, the speed of around 100 miles an hour ball that approaches you like a meteor and the manner in which he last set you out. You gaze at his pasture at the mound and the tired look on his face after pitching for over four hours without a break. What is he going to ball today Will he rely on his best deliveries that he had bowled earlier, or has he experimented with his delivery this time. These are some of the different thoughts that engulf a hitter's mind. They think about the last time they did a clutch hitting. But how is it possible to hit a 100 miles per hour delivery without even looking at its trajectory for less than a micro second Baseball hitter can concentrate on the ball for loner than most oth... ds that are impossible to follow- a player can farthest follow the ball to 5.5 feet in front of the bat; or they watch the first few feet of the ball movement and latter on believed in their instincts to move to they place they expect the ball to go. So, the coach's advice of following the ball till it touches the bat is practically impossible. These are some of the ways that governed the rapid evolution of baseball hitters. The balers only keep one thing in mind- swing the ball in air, clutch it in a manner for the hitter to not understand the trajectory, keep it as close to the body of the hitter as possible and make him attempt the ball in an un orderly fashion to let him out. Getting a miss is like a bonus for them. Both the players have ample amount of challenges therefore. Their carrier can be mended or totally broke down by even one hit or a miss. The players deal with a lot of physical, mental and psychological pressures while playing and can commit mistakes in the interim. But there are no options left for them than not to make any. There is no security for a baseball player, neither of their health or their career nor to their families, if they get injured enough not to play again. The excessive fitness levels expected out of the players are really challenging and all have to abide by the game rules. This is the manner in which the game has progressed and taken this form since its inception in 1344. The baseball organization has a lot of politics involved within. They make offensive strategies and the coach is made to learn that they are not teaching baseball, but are training baseball players. So their main emphasis revolves around the fact that who is doing what, rather than what is done. A good understanding of the game situation is more important in

Compare two modules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Compare two modules - Essay Example After this there is a theoretical introduction to the concept of work in sociology, and then of emotion. There follows a broad examination of emotion at work, and then a more focused examination of gendered emotion at work. Finally there is a concluding summary of the ways that emotion and work link together, in theory and in practice, and how this relates to the all-pervasive concept of power in society. Section 1. Power and its conceptualisation. The study of human society invariably involves some consideration of theories of power, whether large scale, longstanding and overarching power such as that of patriarchy or smaller scale power as it operates between two individuals. Sociologists study how power operates in a range of situations from domestic, work and political spheres to any context where people interact with each other, since in a very general sense, it can be said that â€Å"all social relationships are power relationships† (Crossley, 2005, p. 215) We all influe nce each other at a personal level, and are tied up in a network of connections where power flows back and forth in fluctuating ways. Power permeates through society in many different ways, and not only through individual actions. ... Some power is inherited at birth through variables such as gender, race, class or culture and this is very often a hidden type of power, especially to those who wield it themselves. One of the most convincing conceptualisations of power is that of Foucault who writes about â€Å"technologies of power† which discipline and shape people in overt ways, but also in subtle ways, as for example when people internalise certain rules and practices, and adhere unthinkingly to a workplace norm. This hegemonic approach is highly relevant to the administrative systems that pervade the world of work, keeping people in order and ensuring that the goals of the organisation (or state, in the case of public servants) are constantly being advanced. Section 2. Work Human beings operate in society using physical, cognitive and emotional skills and the interplay of these skills within the power structures of their environment and with other human beings is a fruitful area of contemporary research. In the area of work there is in modern times an over-emphasis on rational, cognitive types of behaviour and an under-emphasis on emotion. Above all the workplace seeks to engender conformity on its workers, so that specific tasks can be completed efficiently and fast. The more smoothly workers submit to the dominant norms of the workplace, the more profits can be gathered in by the organisation. Goffman (1967) explains the harmony that generally exists between people in terms of concepts like deference and avoidance of shame or stigma. No workplace can ever monitor its workers 100% of the time, and yet by and large people interact productively and in tune with the needs of the organisation: â€Å"mutual conformity and respect lead to pride and fellow

American Foreign Policy In The 20th Century Politics Essay

American Foreign Policy In The 20th Century Politics Essay ..every nation which desires to maintain its freedom (and), its independence must ultimately realise that the right of such independence cannot be separated from the responsibility of making good use of it. The 20th century has often been referred to as the American Century. Throughout the last century, the United States of America (USA or US) has been involved in every significant international political event and incident. Despite war having been brought to its shores only once during the Century, with the bombing of Pearl Harbour during the Second World War, the United States, as it is commonly referred to, has participated in several international wars and regional military conflicts during the 20th century, either directly or indirectly. Today American strength, prestige and influence are so great that Washington is inevitably a factor in every international equation and the global dynamics, whether it is nuclear disarmament, combating terrorism, environmental change or economic slowdown. As the sole superpower in the world today, Americas influence in world affairs can simply not be escaped. In achieving such stature, a substantial role has been played by Americas Foreign Policy. Several scholars generally tend to regard the nature of American Foreign Policy to be reactionary. The common refrain that emerges from their studies and analyses is that American Foreign Policy in the 20th century has been primarily a defensive response to the actions of other world powers. They claim that during the initial decades after independence, the United States largely followed a policy of Isolationism and aspired to remain neutral in the international political upheavals of the period. Later, when the United States commenced proactive participation in international affairs, American Foreign Policy, it is claimed, never harboured hegemonic aspirations. On the other hand, a large section of the world considers the United States to be essentially an imperious state. The champion of liberal democracy has often been labelled a neo-imperialist country and its Foreign Policy perceived to be predominantly pursuing parochial and self-seeking agenda. It is claimed by this section that, under the garb of altruistic intent, the United States endeavours to spread its hegemony in the world. Over the decades, American Foreign Policy is seen to have acted purely in response to its own appraisal of emerging international situations and incidents. These appraisals have not been based on a collective assessment by the worlds leading nations but instead have been overwhelmingly based on American thoughts and habits. The Foreign Policy of any nation is indeed pursued to promote its interests and to further its objectives in the international arena. Every nation seeks to engage other nations of the world fundamentally to safeguard its own interests and ensure prosperity, whether economic or political, for itself. It is widely accepted that such engagement must occur in a manner that does not transgress the sovereignty of a nation or violate the accepted norms of civilised existence. American Foreign Policy is commonly perceived to often cast aside these norms and aggressively pursue what is considered by many as a parochial agenda. Even as the sole superpower maintains that its actions are motivated by altruistic intent and benevolence towards the lesser privileged nations, its influence and stature in international affairs has grown over the years which in turn, has apparently intensified the imperiousness and hegemonic attitude of the United States. METHODOLOGY Statement Of The Problem The aim of this research is to study the Foreign Policy of the United States of America and the appraisals that have influenced such policy actions so as to conclude whether the United States has engaged in an imperious conduct in international affairs and pursued a hegemonic outlook. Hypothesis Common beliefs and perceptions predominantly suggest that American Foreign Policy has been a reaction to the developments in the world, implying that the United States had essentially been an innocent victim of circumstances. Such perceptions emphatically harp upon the Isolationism policy and neutral attitude of American Foreign Policy as proof of Americas altruism. This research holds such inferences to be only partly correct, if not completely incorrect. It is maintained that the United States of America has always pursued a foreign policy purely to further its own interests without regard to international norms and opinion. The country has steadily shaped its foreign policy well in anticipation of developments and in some cases even without reasonable instigation. American Foreign Policy is considered to be parochial and imperious in nature. Scope Of The Research The turn of the 19th century was a watershed event in American Foreign Policy. It marked a distinct change from the earlier non-interventionist attitude to an outward looking and global approach. This altered stance has been the essence of the American Foreign Policy ever since. This research will examine the principal episodes and events relating to American Foreign Policy between the years 1900 to 2000. Foreign Policy is a reflection of a nations past as much as it is the response to contemporaneous matters. Therefore, to lend perspective as well as a background to the study, this research will briefly dwell upon Americas historical foreign relations prior 1900. History and past events can be objectively assessed only if they are examined in a detached manner. Their study must not influenced by present happenings and current thoughts or perceptions. This research will therefore terminate with the year 2000 because only a decade has elapsed since, which may not adequate to lend objectivity to the study after that period. Organisation Of The Research Foreign Policy of a nation is invariably an evolutionary process. While being a response to current and likely future issues, it relies heavily on past experiences. It either builds upon and consolidates the past successes or learns from its past mistakes and failures. Foreign policy responses to completely new issues tend to derive lesson from past instances of similar nature. This research has, therefore, been undertaken in a chronological order. The study has been chapterised into periods between key international events that influenced the American Foreign Policy. The study is accordingly divided as follows :- Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. Chapter II Historic Backdrop. (Covers the period from the American Independence to the end of the 19th century.) Chapter III Upto the First World War. (Covers the period from the beginning of the 20th century till the First World War.) Chapter IV Inter War Years. (Covers the period between the two World Wars.) Chapter V Cold War Era. (Covers the period following the Second World War till the fall of Communism in the early 1990s.) Chapter VI Post Cold War. (Covers the last decade of the 20th century.) Chapter VII Conclusion. (Summary and Inferences.) Method of Data Collection The data referred to during the course of this research was obtained from published books on the subject. Opinions, analyses and facts were also obtained from various internet resources, journals, periodicals and newspapers of repute. It was endeavoured to consult material from both sides of the divide. Works of Western as well as non-Western authors were referred, to lend objectivity to the study. All sources used for this research have been listed in the bibliography at the end of the research. Important citations and references for specific parts of the study have also been mentioned in the main part of the study in the form of end-notes after each chapter.

Exhibition on the Depiction of the Annunciation by Early Northern Rena :: essays research papers

â€Å"The annunciation is the very moment of the Incarnation when the Holy Ghost overshadowed the Virgin and the Child conceived in her womb, the consummation of her marriage to God.† (p.84 textbook)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Annunciation by Rogier van der Weyden, completed around 1435, is a 33 7/8† x 36 1/4† panel, which once was part of a triptych. The depiction is of Mary in a bedchamber, seated by the light of a window at the right, positioned on the floor in a stance that implies that she had been busy reading. The way that she is seated is similar to Campin’s Merode Altarpiece. (p.125 textbook) Gabriel appears to Mary’s back with a somewhat solemn face as Mary turns her head towards him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the text, Rogier uses bold lighting effects, graceful figures, and plunging perspectives, but allows the figures to stand out prominently against a more subdued background. (p. 126 textbook) Through a back window, the countryside can be seen, showing that this is a daytime setting. Symbolically, the textbook states that this scene is a ‘thalamus virginis’, and that in effect, Mary and God are symbolically sharing a marriage bedchamber. This can be explained by the depiction of Christ on a medallion hanging from the back of the bed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Van Eyck’s rendition of this theme, Annunciation, is thought to be the left wing of a triptych. Completed around 1435-37, it is a panel transferred to canvas, 36 1/2† x 14 3/8†. Here we see Mary in a church with both arms somewhat elevated in almost surprise fashion. Mary doesn’t appear too happy or concerned even, and both she and Gabriel seem relatively neutral in emotion, considering the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Van Eyck depicts the moment when the â€Å"Old Dispensation became the New.† (p.104 textbook) Some symbolism includes Jehovah in the stained glass window above Mary, seen with the seraphim that Isaiah envisioned of the Lord. Seven rays of light protrude from the clerestory window in the upper left of the piece, symbolizing the desention of the Holy Ghost. The stool in the lower right of the panel symbolizes Isaiah’s words, â€Å"heaven is my Throne, the earth is my footstool.† (p.104 textbook) The white lilies represent Mary’s purity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Annunciation by Jacquemart de Hesdin, and possibly his shop, dates to around 1400. This piece, is from the Tres-Belles de Jehan de France, Duc de Berry. Mary is seated inside an open structure, as usual, disturbed by her devotional reading.

Fall of Troy Essay

Pride and self confidence are values often times convey in stories and books that chronicle tales about Greek Mythology. With the Gods and goddesses favoring a certain person and taking sides, mortals oftentimes grew more complacent and over confident about their own selves.   As the Greek word Hubris implies it is an exaggerated act and display of self confidence that many times it leads to downfall of actions taken. Decisions are blinded and corrupted by the display of over confidence, thus details of courses are taken for granted. The events that transpired in Homer’s Iliad exemplify a person and a group of persons act of hubris.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Iliad is divided into different sections. It is composed of twenty four different books, which narrate Achilles story and The Trojan War. Each story depicts how hubris plays an important role that leads to the result of the war and the downfall of a mighty city. It also narrates how disputes are born through hubris. The Trojan War was believed to be the greatest conflict in Greek History. The origin of the war was believed to have started, long before Achilles was born. It roots its origin in the conflict with the golden apple that happens among the three most powerful goddesses, Athena, Aphrodite and Hera. The event leads to Paris, a Trojan Prince running away with Helen, wife of Menelaus. Book I of Iliad, The Quarrel by the Ships verse 10 showcases a display of Agamemnon, King of Mycenae and brother of Menelaus, exceeding self confidence. â€Å"Old man, don’t let me catch you by our hollow ships, sneaking back here today or later on. Who cares about Apollo’s scarf and staff? I’ll not release the girl to you, no, not before she’s grown old with me in Argos, far from home,  working the loom, sharing my bed. Go away.  If you want to get home safely, don’t anger me.† (Homer The Quarrel by the Ships: Book 1 of the Iliad). Agamemnon’s pride and boastful antics were very evident that he even defies Apollo’s power. He has this belief that, since he is a very worthy ruler, he deserved all the great things as rewards. Also, we can see Agamemnon’s proud image on the same book verse 110 to 120: â€Å"Prophet of evil,  when have you ever said good things to me? You love to predict the worst, always the worst! You never show good news.  Ã‚  Now, in prophecy to the Danaans,  you say archer Apollo brings us pain because I was unwilling to accept fine ransom for Chryses’ daughter, Chryseis. But I have a great desire to take her home in fact want her more than Clytaemnestra,  the wife I married Chryseis is just as good  Ã‚   in her shape, physique, intelligence, or work. Still, I’m prepared to give her back, if that’s best. I want the people safe, not all killed off. But then you’ll owe me another prize. I won’t be the only Argive left  without a gift.  That would be entirely unfair to me. You all can see my spoils are going elsewhere.† (Homer The Quarrel by the Ships: Book 1 of the Iliad). He refused to set free the priest’s daughter and would only do so if a replacement would take her place. Agamemnon believed that what the oracle had foreseen is wrong and his decision could only be moved if the condition he had set is satisfied. What he wants, he should get. It also shows that Agamemnon did not want others to make fun of him if he would loose his concubine without a replacement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     To avoid the looming war a truce was agreed upon that Paris and Menelaus should fight and whoever won would have Helen as his wife. Paris lost but could not accept his defeat. His words to Helen from Book III Paris, Menelaus and Helen verse 440 were some kind of excuse for his failure. â€Å"Wife, don’t mock my courage with your insults. Yes, Menelaus has just defeated me, but with Athena’s help. Next time I’ll beat him for we have gods on our side, too.†(Homer â€Å"Paris, Menelaus, and Helen: Book 3 of the Iliad†)   He could have easily accepted the defeat and handed out Helen to Menelaus. But, he too was too proud to accept the defeat. Menelaus has clearly won their match but he could not bear loosing Helen, especially because of his own fault. Paris could have died right away if not for Aphrodite lending him the much needed help. Paris Hubris was in display.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The war then has become inevitable as Aphrodite persuaded Pandarus in breaking the Trojans oath. â€Å"Fiery hearted son of Lycaon, why not do as I suggest? Prepare yourself to shoot a swift arrow at Menelaus. You’d earn thanks and glory from all Trojans, most of all from Prince Alexander. He’d be the every first to bring fine gifts, if he could see warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus, mounted on his bier, his bitter funeral pyre, killed by your arrow.† (Homer The Armies Clash: Book Four of the Iliad).   Pandarus shoots Menelaus. His arrogant attitude and greed for fame and appreciation broke the treaty. Believing that he would gain glory by killing Menelaus, he fired his arrow. Pandarus was hungry for the honor he would get if eventually he can kill Menelaus. It would be of great pride of him to be recognized in that way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The war has erupted, and many Trojan and Achaeans have died. Diomemedes, guided by Athena, have been pushing the Trojan Army back with his superb fighting skill. But as he pushes forward he was hit by Lycaon’s son. â€Å"Come on, you brave horse-lashing Trojans, for the finest of Achaeans has been hurt.  Ã‚  I don’t think he’ll long survive my arrow’s force.† (Homer â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad†). Lycaon’s son was bragging and shouting that he has killed Diomedes. For him, the best warrior has been killed so it would all be easy to take on the remaining enemy. He thinks of himself so highly and mighty. Little that he knows that Diomedes was alive and his boastful act only infuriates the fighting spirit of Diomedes. He was furious and attacked the Trojans more violently. So angry was Diomedes that he even tried killing Aphrodite. â€Å"Diomedes with his ruthless bronze had gone to run down Aphrodite, knowing she was not a god who could do much in battle not one of those who control men’s wars.  She was no Athena,  no goddess Strife, who destroys whole cities.† (Homer â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad†). It was a display of hubris, as a mortal man attacked a goddess. Mortal men should respect Gods and recognized the vast difference between their abilities. Diomedes is powerful but he should know the limit of being human as Apollo stated from Book five verse 440 â€Å"Take care son of Tydeus. Go back. Don’t think you’re equal to the gods. The race of men who  walk upon the ground can never match the race of deathless gods.† (Homer â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad†).  Ã‚  The God’s pride was injured, and Diomedes actions angered the Gods and resulted to more bloodshed. From verse 330 of book six, it would be obvious that Hector was feeling low. â€Å"Paris, you’re a worthless man. It’s quite wrong of you to nurse that anger in your heart, while men are being destroyed, fighting around the city its steep walls. It’s because of you the sounds of warfare catch fire around our city  you would fight  Ã‚  Ã‚  any man you saw avoiding battle fleeing war’s brutality.† (Homer â€Å"Hector and Andromache: Book 6 of the Iliad†).   This statement from Hector, commander in chief of Troy, shows how he has been hurt by the actions done by Paris. For him, branding his brother is a great insult. He knew he was fated to die in that war. Still, he chooses to fight for his people. Fully aware that it was his brother actions that shape the war, still, he together with their allies was duty bound in defending Troy. The Trojans are too proud especially Hector, the heir to the throne, to admit that Paris was wrong. They were too high and almighty to believe that a fellow Trojan would commit such misconduct. Hubris is again in display that blinded their actions. They could have easily handed out Helen when the Greeks asked for Helen’s return. Hector’s disappointment with Paris is again revealed to the following statement â€Å"Brother, no one could justly criticize your work in battle, for you fight bravely. But you deliberately hold back and do not wish to fight.  It pains my heart, when I hear shameful things about you from Trojans, who are suffering much distress because of you.†Ã‚  (Homer â€Å"Hector and Andromache: Book 6 of the Iliad†). He just could not stand what his fellow Trojans would tell about his brother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Achilles on the other hand resolved to retire from fighting. His retirement from battle also showed sign of hubris. In a display of his â€Å"exaggerated pride†, which was revealing in verse 70 of Book 16, Achilles would not return to battle even if his comrades are slowly being killed and wounded. â€Å"Dreadful pain came in my heart and spirit when that man wished to cheat someone his equal and steal away that prize,  and just because he’s got more power. That really hurt, given that I’ve suffered  in this war so many pains here in my chest. Achaea’s sons chose that girl as my prize. I won her with my spear, once I’d destroyed her strong-walled city. Lord Agamemnon took her back, out of my hands, as if were some stranger without honor.† (Homer Patroclus Fights and Dies:Book 16 of the Iliad). His lost of drive for fighting happens when Agamemnon took Achilles concubine in replaced of the priest’s daughter who was set free. Achilles pride was hurt so he left the line of battle. He was one of the Greek’s mighty warriors and he believed that even Agamemnon should recognize that. Although, Agamemnon promised gold and the return of his concubine, to bring Achilles back to the lines of battle, Achilles injured pride was not persuaded. Instead he allowed his companion Patroclus to use his armor and fight in his place. He was proud enough not to work under the command of Agamemnon, who he believed is not a worthy commander in chief. His pride would not allow him to join the fighting, and his hubris had caused him the life of his friend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Achilles returns to actions, from verse 20 of Book 19, was filled with power;   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mother, this armor the god has given me is a work fit for the immortals, something no living human could create† (Homer Achilles and Agamemnon :Book 19 of the Iliad). Upon hearing this Achilles was filled with fearless power. With Thetis by his side, he led his army. The overwhelming confidence brought by the armor and the rage he was feeling, was proof of his anxiousness to return fighting. â€Å"Though you’re e a brave man, godlike Achilles, don’t encourage Achaea’s sons to fight against the Trojan on empty stomachs. If so, the fight won’t last for long if troops engage right now, once some god in fuses strength in to both sides.  No.  Instruct Achaeans to have some food and wine by their swift ships for they give strength and courage.  No soldier can fight the enemy all day till sunset without some food.† (Homer Achilles and Agamemnon :Book 19 of the Iliad). This was a major display of hubris of Achilless, promising he will not waiver, rest and eat until he has avenged the death of his friend. The Death of Patroclus forced Achilles to return to the battlefield. He was enveloped of the idea of revenge. He was so angry that he even attacked Apollo, from verse 10 of Book 22. â€Å"Son of Peleus, why are you, a mere human, running so hard in an attempt to catch me,  an immortal god?  You’re still ignorant it seems, of the fact that I’m a god. You keep coming at me with such anger.† (Homer â€Å"The Death of Hector:   Book 22 of the Iliad†). Achilles was so enraged that he was fighting fiercely even in the face of God. He blames himself for the death of his friend. He was too weak to bear the his pride. The fall of Troy was destined to happen. With the consent from the Gods, Troy was fated to fall. However, hubris played an important role to its downfall. From the moment, the Trojan War broke out it was the hubris not only by my mortals but by Gods, which made the events more chaotic. With the Gods by taking up sides to show their power the outcome of the war and the course of history itself, was shaped and reshaped. Treaties could have been signed and bloodshed could have been avoided if not because of the over exaggerated pride and confidence every man possess. When the Trojans celebrated their apparent victory, it leads to their downfall. They have underestimated their foe. They taught that the Gods had ruled in their favor, when the horse was found. They also believed that the time a sea monster ate those who opposed the entry of the horse to the city was a sign from the Gods. They grew more complacent and failed to act and think rationally. They deduced that in fact they are greater warriors and men compared to the Greeks. They admired themselves too well. The admiration was overwhelming that they failed to size up their opponents that eventually it leads to a tragic end. The belief that the City could not be conquered made a difference. Necessary precautions were not done. (Homer The Iliad) Homer. Achilles and Agamemnon :Book 19 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E. —. The Armies Clash: Book Four of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E. —. â€Å"The Death of Hector:   Book 22 of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. â€Å"Hector and Andromache: Book 6 of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. The Iliad. 800 B.C.E. —. â€Å"Paris, Menelaus, and Helen: Book 3 of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. Patroclus Fights and Dies:Book 16 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E. —. The Quarrel by the Ships: Book 1 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E.